Nate,
Keep at it, you will figure it out.
This reminds me of a great story about my first "solo" brake job on my dad's 56 F100 years ago. I replaced the mc (single unit - pretty much what we had back then), wheel cylinders, brake shoes, hardware, turned drums, bearings, seals, etc. I adjusted everything and was satisfied that I had done a good job. No issues with the pedal...felt hard and resistance was quick. So, I took it for a spin before taking the 20 mile trip home. I touched the pedal....WHAM! she stopped on a dime and I locked up all 4 wheels just about. I was a pretty elated teenager as I drove home early that evening to show off to my dad.
Now mind you, during the 20 mile trip, I kept smelling a distinct odor that kept getting stronger and stronger. How I didn't notice the smoke is beyond me. Anyway, I pull into the driveway and park the truck. "Man, that pedal is tight!" I say to myself. As I get out of the truck and walk up to the front door of the house, I see that there is smoke (brake dust, et al) filling all 4 wheel wells of the truck. I took a closer look, and noticed how hot everything was. "uh, oh," I say to myself. I probably got them a little too tight.
About that time, my dad comes out of the house..."What in tarnation! Son, what in the world did you do? Look at your taillights!"
Sure enough, the fluid had gotten so hot that the back pressure to the master cylinder had actuated the brake pressure switch, and my brake lights were kept in the on position. Oh boy, fun days...come a long way since then.
By the way, Hoosier is right about the cam(s) on your backing plate. You do have them. At the top of the backing plate, where the return springs attach to the tit, you will find that in that exact location on the back of the backing plate there is a large nut (maybe 15/16", but don't quote me on that). Loosen the nut and you can actually move the entire deal so that you can adjust tight/loose.
Also, there should be an actual eccentric (round stud that has an off center position) You can also go to the other side of the backing plate to adjust this cam. Once you rotate this cam, you can see how your shoe will go out/in in relation to the axle. Obviously this does not look like much of an adjustment, but it will give you more contact area on the drum.
Do you have a shop manual yet? I would recommend you get one. They are only about $25 or so from most retailers, restoration parts suppliers, and sometimes I have seen them in digital form on ebay (nice to get a pdf file and just print it out, take it to the shop, don't ruin the book, you get the idea)
As nasty as the underside of your car is (we have all been there), you may have a leak somewhere that is shooting fluid up into crud that is sitting somewhere on the frame, rear axle, etc. But, if you had a leak, you should be able to see your brake fluid level drop dramatically after just a few pumps of the pedal. Otherwise, I would start with hoosier's advice.
keep us informed.
Daniel JessupLancaster, California
aka "The Hot Rod Reverend"
check out the 1955 Ford Fairlane build at www.hotrodreverend.com